Hi, all:
I am literally bombarded with all sorts of queries, complaints, and even embarrassingly mean and harsh criticism this time. Obviously, this is not something I expected when I first posted my message. As someone sweetly indicated ... most of your responses were bitter and cruel enough to teach how laymen can give frustration to a new-born Ph.D. in an academic discipline. Well ... if any of you rebuked me for deliverring the arrogant disgusting snobbish academia nomenclature ... if any of you claimed that I am receiving what I certainly deserve to get ... then ... as you can imagine ... the only choice left for me is to simply hesitate to share what I wanted to share with you. I know ... you can survive without me and without my snobbish lessons. But ... let me tell you the truth: you can sometimes make your life a little bit better with expert linguists. I am sorry. Here are my very brief replies. I finally decided to give you these quite briefly and promptly ... since I know that you would think that Raymond is a silly person, if I decided not to.
±×¸®°í ·¹À̸յå´Ôµé²² ¸î°¡Áö Áú¹®À» µå¸®°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. ´äÀ» ´Þ¾Æ Áֽøé, °¨»çÇϰڽÀ´Ï´Ù.
1)¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº ¾îµð¿¡¼ ÀοëµÈ °ÍÀÎÁö¿ä? Á» ´õ ¾Ë°í ½Í±â¿¡, ³í¹®¸í°ú Á¦¸ñÀ» ¾Ë°í ½Í³×¿ä. ¿µ¾î ¿ø¹®À¸·Î µÈ °Íµµ ÁÁ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¹ØÁ٠ģ °÷Àº Á» ¿Ï°ÇÑ µíÇϳ׿ä. Á¦°¡ ÀúÈñ ±³¼ö´Ô²² ¹è¿î ¹Ù·Î´Â ³í¹® °°Àº °ÍÀ» ÀûÀ»¶§´Â, »ç½ÇÀÌ ±×·¸´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, "Àý´ë·Î", "¹Ýµå½Ã"...ÀÌ·± ¸»Àº ÇÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù´Â°Å¿´°Åµç¿ä. ±×¸®°í Ãâó°¡ ´©±¸ÀÎÁö ¹àÇô¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¹è¿ü½À´Ï´Ù. ¿µ¾î ¹Ú»ç´ÔµéÀÌ ÇϽô ¸»¾¸Ä¡°í´Â Á» ÁÖ°üÀûÀÎ °Ç ¾Æ´ÑÁö¿ä.
It's early in the morning here in the U.S. Yes. I am still living in America. Since all my refernce books and articles are in my office at school, I am afraid I cannot give you the exact reference for that particular experiment. But let me tell you what. The experiment I cited is a very famous one in the literature, and it was performed by Jill De Villiers, one of the best researchers in the field (of acquisition).
(·¹À̸յå´ÔÀÇ ±Û¢º)¸¸ 5 ¼¼ Á¤µµ µÈ ¹Ì±¹ ¾ÆÀÌÀÇ ¾ð¾î ´É·ÂÀ» "100" À̶ó°í Ĩ½Ã´Ù. ¾¦¾¦¾ö¸¶¾ÆºüµéÀÌ ¿¹»Û ¾Æ°¡°¡ ù µ¹µµ µÇ±âÀüºÎÅÍ ³ª¸§´ë·Î ¿½ÉÈ÷ °¡¸£Ä¡°í ¿µ¾î ȯ°æ ¸¸µé¾î ÁÖ¸é¼ 5 ³â Á¤µµ ¿µ¾î¸¦ °¡¸£Ãļ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾ð¾î ´É·ÂÀº ... ±× ¾ÆÀ̰¡ º¸Åë Á¤µµÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̶ó¸é "5" Á¤µµ µÉ Å×°í¿ä, ¾ÆÁÖ ¶Ê¶ÊÇÑ ¾ÆÀÌ´Ù ½ÍÀ¸¸é "10" Á¤µµ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª¼ ´Ù½Ã ÇÑ 5 ³â Á¤µµ ¿µ¾î ȯ°æ ¸¸µé¾î ÁÖ°í ... ¾Æ¹«¸® ¿½ÉÈ÷ °¡¸£Ãĵµ ... ÇÑ "15"
Á¤µµ ÀÌ»óÀº Àý´ë·Î Àý´ë·Î ¾È ¿Ã¶ó°©´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ÇѰèÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Á¦°¡ ¾¦¾¦¿¡¼ ÀÐÀº ±Û Áß
... È÷Ç÷¯´Ô Á¶Â÷µµ "ÇѰ谡 º¸ÀÌ´Â °Í °°´Ù"°í ¸»¾¸Çϼ̴µ¥ ... ±× ÇѰè´Â »ç½Ç ... »ó´çÇÑ ¼öÁØ¿¡ À̸¥ ÈÄ µå·¯³»´Â ÇѰ谡 ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ... ¾ÆÁ÷ °ÉÀ½¸¶µµ ¸ø ÇÑ »óÅ¿¡¼ µå·¯³»´Â ÇѰèÀÔ´Ï´Ù
I think I did not make the motivation for using these mysterious percentage figures clear enough to you in my previous posting. It was not meant to be exact, as your common sense goes. But it was not totally chaotic, either. I had some motivation in my mind when I first introduced 5--10%-like things. At that time, I was kina guessing and counting how many words a five-year old SukSuk kid may know compared with a five-year old native American kid: probably less than 500, which explains the 5 % of the 10,000 words a typical American child is known to know. If a 5-year-old SukSuk kid successfully learned 1000 words, then it would be the 10 % of the 10,000. This is the kina thing that I first had in my mind. It was not systematic, and in fact ... I don't see any reason to be completely systematic to post a casual message for non-scholars. In fact, I was much more lenient that you thought. If I had taken grammar into serious consideration ... I would have reached a more stringent measure, so that I could make you upset with much bigger frustration. (Thank God I didn't do that!)
2)°³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¹ÀÌ Çò°¥¸®´Â ºÎºÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Natural Approach³ª Communicative
Approach¿¡¼´Â FluencyºÎºÐÀ» ¸¹ÀÌ °Á¶Çϰí ÀÖ°í, Brain(1963)Àº ¾î¸° ¾ÆÀ̵鿡°Ô´Â Pivot Grammar°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í Çß°í, ¶Ç ÀÌ·± pivot ¾ð¾î´Â overgenerationÇö»óµµ º¸Àδٰí Çߴµ¥, ¾î¸°À̵éÀÌ ±¸»çÇÏ´Â ¾ð¾î¿¡, ÀÌ·¸°Ô AccuracyÇÑ Ãø¸éÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¾ß Á¦´ë·Î ¾ð¾î¸¦ ±¸»çÇÏ´Â ¾ÆÀ̶ó´Â ¸»¾¸À̽ÅÁö... ¸ð±¹¾î »ç¿ëÀÚµµ ÀÌ·± ¿À·ù°¡ ÀÖ´Â °É·Î ¾Ë°í Àִµ¥, ÇϹ°¸ç Second langauage·Î ¹è¿ì´Â ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¹®Çü°ú ±¸¹®¿¡ µüµü µé¾î ¸Â´Â Ç¥ÇöÀ» ±¸»çÇØ¾ß Á¤´äÀ̶ó´Â °Ì´Ï±î? ¿©±â¿¡ O/X¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °á°ú°¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö¿ä?
Good question! A well-known observation in the literature is there are errors children learning a language NEVER make. The collection of these errors are usually adopted in constructing and assessing hypotheses and theories. For instance, a typical Korean child makes a Neg-placement error as shown in ¾È ¹ä ¸Ô¾ú¾î instead of ¹ä ¾È ¸Ô¾ú¾î. But ... interestingly enough ... no Korean child makes errors like *¹ä ¸Ô¾È¾Ò¾î. Likewise ... there are numerous errors a typical English child tends to make, but simultaneously, there are numerous errors that English children NEVER make. A good example is a headless Verb Phrase, the verb placement error, etc. When you are talking about "Overgeneration", you must be very careful in assessing the data, since Korean children's ungrammatical sentences are more likely to fall into the errors that are NEVER found in English-speaking children's speech data, and they are not Overgenerated sentences per se.
±×¸®°í, Àúµµ Á¹¾÷ÇÑÁö ¿À·¡µÇ¼ °¡¹° °¡¹°ÇÕ´Ï´Ù¸¸, ChomskeyÀÇ À̷еµ ½Ã´ë¿¡ µû¶ó ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î°í ¼öÁ¤ÀÌ µÈ°É·Î ¾Ð´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ·¡ ¿¹¹®Àº ¾î¶² ÀÌ·ÐÀÎÁö...¿ø¹®°ú
ÇÔ²² ¼³¸íµµ µ¡ºÙ¿© Áֽøé ÁÁ°Ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í, ¾ð¾î±³À°, Áï ¿Ü±¹¾î¸¦ ¹è¿ì´Â ÀÔÀåÀº »ó´ë¹æ°ú "ÀÇ»ç¼ÒÅëÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¼ö´Ü"Àε¥, linguisticÇÑ ¸é¸¸ °¡Áö°í, Á¦´ë·Î µÈ ¾ð¾î ±³À°ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï±î?
Despite all the metamorphosis of Chomsky's syntactic theory, the very basic idea has remained unaltered since 1957. Communicative competence is, according to Jackendoff, part of our linguistic competence. Even if you do not accept this view, you cannot draw a sharp boundary between these two any way.
Bachman(1990)ÀÇ Language competence¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µµÇ¥¸¦ »ìÆìº¸¸é, Grammaticl
competence¿Í Textral competence,Illocutionary competence, Sociolinguistic
competenceµîÀ» ³íÇϰí Àִµ¥, ¿©±â¼ ¸»ÇÏ´Â "¾ð¾î ¼öÇà"À̶õ ²À linguisticÇÑ ¸é¸¸ °Á¶Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´ÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï±î? Çѱ¹¿¡¼ÀÇ À¯¾Æ ¿µ¾î ±³À°ÀÌ ¿Ïº®ÇÑ ÀÌÁß¾ð¾î ȯ°æÀº ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸,
Illocutionary competence¿Í Sociolinguistic competence¿¡¼ ÀϺκÐÀº ¿ì¸® ¾ö¸¶µéÀÌ À̲ø¾î ³ª°¥ ¼öµµ ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀºÁö¿ä? ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, identical, manipulative, Heuristic, imaginativeµîÀÇ ¿ä¼Òµé ¸»ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
The Illocutionary/Sociolinguistic competence is (arguably) quite universal throughout languages. As long as the language-particular phenomena do not matter, your conjecture certainly makes sense. But ... once the language particulars DO matter, your guess begins NOT to work. Also ... I want to remind you of the fact that there is no such clear-cut boundary between pragmatic aspects of language and what Chomsky calls Competence.
3)±×·¸´Ù¸é, ¹«½¼ Ưº°ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °Í °°Àºµ¥¿ä. ·¹À̸յå´Ô´ìÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº ¸î»ìÀ̰í, Áö±Ý±îÁö ¾î¶»°Ô ¿µ¾î ±³À°À» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö, ¸¹ÀÌ ±Ã±ÝÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¾¦¾¦ ½ºÅ¸ÀϷΠŰ¿î ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ̶ó Çϼ̴µ¥, ¾ÆÁ÷ ¿ì¸® ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº ¾î¸®°í, °¡¾ßÇÒ ±æÀÌ ¸Ö¸® ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¾¦¾¦ÀÌ »ý±äÁö´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ 2³âµµ ¾ÈµË´Ï´Ù. ¼¼°è´Â ºü¸¥ ¼Óµµ·Î º¯Çϰí ÀÖ°í, ¿ì¸® ¾ö¸¶µéµµ Áö±Ý »ý°¢Àº ´ëü·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» Ű¿ö °¡¸é¼, ¾î¶»°Ô º¯Çذ¥Áö ¾Æ¹«µµ ¸ð¸¨´Ï´Ù.
I am really sorry at this point. My son is a US citizen ... and he is being brought up in America now. Certainly ... he is not in the same environments with most other SukSuk kids. The comparison doesn't work. Sorry.
±×¸®°í Áö±Ý±îÁö ¹«½¼ ¹®Á¦ µÇ´Â ÀϵéÀ» ¸¹ÀÌ ÀúÁú·¯ ³õ°í, ÀÌ·± ¸»À» µéÀ¸¸é, ¼ö±àÀÌ °©´Ï´Ù¸¸, ¹«½¼ ±Ù°Å·Î ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¿Ï°ÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÀ» ¾²¼Ì´ÂÁöµµ ¾Ë·Á Áֽʽÿä. Àú¹ø¿¡ ¿Ã¸°±Û¿¡¼ ¾¦¾¦ ¾ö¸¶µéÀ» "¿Á¿¡ Ƽ"¶ó Çϼ̴µ¥, ¾Æ·¡ ±ÛÀÌ Á» ´õ ³í¸®ÀûÀÌÁö ¸øÇϰí, ÁÖ°üÀûÀÎ ºÎºÐÀÌ ¸¹Àº °Í °°¾Æ, ¿µ¾î¹Ú»ç´ÔµéÀÌ ¾´ ±Û Ä¡°í´Â Á» "¿ÁÀÇ Æ¼"°¡ µÇ°Ú³×¿ä.
(·¹À̸յå´ÔÀÇ ±Û¢º±×¸®°í ÀúÈñÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½Àº ... ¾¦¾¦ ½ºÅ¸ÀϷΠŰ¿î ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÌ 20 »ìÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ ... ¿µ¾î ½Ç·ÂÀÌ ÇÑ 20¿¡¼ 30 Á¤µµ¶ó¸é ... ÀúÈñ°¡ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Ű¿î ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº 20 »ìÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ ... ÇÑ 50 Á¤µµÀÇ ¿µ¾î ½Ç·ÂÀ» °¡Áú °ÍÀ̶ó´Â »ý°¢ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¹Ì¸® ¸»¾¸µå¸®Áö¸¸ ... 100, ±×·¯´Ï±î 5 »ì ¸ÔÀº ¹Ì±¹ ¾ÆÀÌÀÇ ½Ç·Â ¼öÁØ¿¡´Â Àý´ë·Î Àý´ë·Î ¸ø µµ´ÞÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ½±Áö¸¸ À̰ÍÀÌ Çö½ÇÀ̰í Áø½ÇÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Well ... I am the "Mr/Dr. Raymond". My wife ... "Mrs/Dr. Raymond" ... majored in English education. The pedagogy I was thinking about is based on her dissertation. Certainly ... we have a conviction that we have a better method, and it is a pity that we have been treated THIS harshly before we present anything GOOD to this community. Again ... the numbers ... 30/50/etc ... are quite arbitrary, and I don't feel bad about this arbitrary convention, since I am not reporting any scientific observation as I used to do in my academic papers.
4)Á» ´Ù¸¥ÂÊÀ¸·Î ºüÁú¼öµµ Àִµ¥, Áö±Ý ÇöÀç ¹Ì±¹ TESOLÇùȸ³ª, ÇÐÀÚµéÀº bilingual°ú
multilingualÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô º¸°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö¿ä? ¾Æ·¡ ±ÛÀº
http://www.lsadc.org/web2/faq/bilingualism.htm¿¡¼ ÆÛ¿Ô´Âµ¥, ¸¶Áö¸·ºÎºÐ¿¡¼´Â °á±¹, bilingualismÀÌ Á¤Åë ¿µ¾î¸¦ ¹æÇØÇϰųª, ¸ÁÄ£´Ù°í ¿ì·ÁÇÏ´Â ¸ñ¼Ò¸®°¡ ¹Ì±¹³»¿¡¼ ³ô´Ù´Â °ÇÁö¿ä? ±×·¸´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¹Ì±¹³»¿¡¼ ¿¬±¸µÇ´Â bilingualismÀÌ ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î º¼¶§(¿µ±¹, È£ÁÖµîÀÇ ¿µ¾î±Ç³ª¶óÀÇ ÀÌÁß¾ð¾î¿Í ºñ±³ÇÒ¶§) Ÿ´ç¼ºÀÌ ³ôÀº "°´°üÀû"ÀÎ °ÍÀÎÁö¿ä? Àú...Áö±Ý ¾öûÇò°¥¸®°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. bilingual·Î ¾ð¾î¸¦ ±¸»çÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº, À̹ÎÀÚÀÎ
°æ¿ì¿¡´Â ÇʼöÀûÀÎ ÀÏ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡¿ä? ±× ³ª¶ó¿¡ µ¿ÈµÇ¾î »ì·Á¸é, ±× ¾ð¾î¸¦ ¿Ïº®ÇÏ°Ô ½ÉÃþ±¸Á¶±îÁö ÀÍÇô¾ß°ÚÁö¿ä. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿ì¸® ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº, Çѱ¹¿¡ °è¼Ó »ì ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº 100%¿Ïº®ÇÑ ÀÌÁß¾ð¾î ±¸»çÀÚ°¡ µÇÁö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ, "»ýÁ¸°ú ±³À°"¿¡ ±×·¸°Ô À§ÇùÀÌ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸´Ï, ¿Ïº®ÇÑ ÀÌÁß¾ð¾î ¹æ½ÄÀ» µû¶ó°¡Áö ¾Ê¾Æµµ µÇÁö ¾Ê³ª¿ä?
There is a strong resistence against bilingualism in America. I am just confirming your observation/conjecture since that is just a (social) empirical fact.
5)¸¶Áö¸· Áú¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Áö³¹ø ±Û¿¡ ÀÌÁß¾ð¾î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ÀǸ¦ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ³»¸®¼Ì´Âµ¥, ¹Ù·Î ¾Æ·¡ Á¦°¡ ´Ù¸¥ »çÀÌÆ®¿¡¼ ÆÛ¿Â ±Û°ú ³»¿ëÀÌ Á» ´Ù¸¥ °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù. ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î Ãâóµµ ¹àÈ÷Áö ¾Ê°í ¿Ã·ÁÁø definitionÀ̶ó, ´Ù¼Ò ÁÖ°üÀûÀ̶ó°í º¾´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ºÎºÐ¿¡¼ Á¦°¡ Àß ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ ¼³¸í ºÎʵ右´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í, Çй®Àû ÀÌ·Ð Áß½ÉÀÇ ±ÛÀ» ¿Ã·Á Á̴ּµ¥, ¿©±â´Â ¾ö¸¶µéÀÌ °ÅÀÇ 90%ÀÌ»ó ¸ðÀÌ´Â °÷ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ½±°Ô ´ëÁßÀ» À§ÇÑ °´°üÀûÀÎ ±ÛÀ» ¿Ã·Á ÁÖ½Ã±æ ºÎŹµå¸³´Ï´Ù.
It's not subjective at all. It is more consistent with generative linguists' view on language and bilingualism. Practitioners of education may think differently.
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Overall ... I am kina exhausted ... and I am not feeling great with what I have received from you all. In any event ... I tried to give you as brief responses as possible ... and I sincerely hope that these are helpful in resolving at least a fraction of your entire (somewhat teasing) queries.
Happy New Year.
Raymond, Ph.D. in linguistics.