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.........................................................................................................................

Thales understood similar triangles and right triangles,

and what is more, used that knowledge in practical ways.

The story is told in DL (loc. cit.) that he measured

the height of the pyramids by their shadows at the moment when his own shadow was equal to his height.

A right triangle with two equal legs is a 45-degree right triangle, all of which are similar.

The length of the pyramid¡¯s shadow measured

from the center of the pyramid at that moment

must have been equal to its height.

This story reveals that he was familiar with the Egyptian seqt,

or seked, defined by Problem 57 of the Rhind papyrus as the ratio of the run to the rise of a slope,

which is currently the cotangent function of trigonometry.

It characterizes the angle of rise.

......................................................................................................................................

Similarity

Shapes shown in the same color are similar.

Two geometrical objects are called similar

if one is congruent to the result of a uniform scaling

(enlarging or shrinking) of the other.

One can be obtained from the other by uniformly "stretching", possibly with additional rotation,

i.e., both have the same shape,

or additionally the mirror image is taken,

i.e., one has the same shape as the mirror image of the other.

For example, all circles are similar to each other,

all squares are similar to each other,

and all parabolas are similar to each other.

On the other hand, ellipses are not all similar to

each other, nor are hyperbolas all similar to each other.

Two triangles are similar

if and only if they have the same three angles,

the so-called "AAA" condition.

However, since the sum of the interior angles in a triangle

is fixed in a euclidean plane,

as long as two angles are the same,

all three are, called "AA".

[edit] Similar triangles

If triangle ABC is similar to triangle DEF,

then this relation can be denoted as

 

In order for two triangles to be similar,

it is sufficient for them to have at least two angles that match.

If this is true, then the third angle will also match,

since the three angles of a triangle must add up to 180¡Æ.

Suppose that triangle ABC is similar to triangle DEF

in such a way that the angle

at vertex A is congruent with the angle at vertex D,

the angle at B is congruent with the angle at E,

and the angle at C is congruent with the angle at F.

Then, once this is known, it is possible to deduce portionalities between corresponding sides of the two triangles,

such as the following:

 

In summary, if two triangles are similar,

all the linear objects in the two triangles are of the same ratio.

This idea can be extended to similar polygons with any number of sides. That is, given any two similar polygons,

the corresponding sides are proportional.

[edit] Angle/side similarities

A concept commonly taught in high school mathematics

is that of proving the "angle" and "side" theorems,

which can be used to define two triangles as similar (or indeed, congruent).

In each of these three-letter acronyms,

A stands for equal angles, and S for equal sides.

For example, ASA refers to an angle,

side and angle that are all equal and adjacent,in that order.

 

  • AAA - Angle-Angle-Angle.
  • If two triangles share three common angles, they are similar. (Obviously, this means that the side lengths are locked in
  • a common ratio, but can vary proportionally,
  • making the triangles similar.) Additionally, since the interior angles of a triangle have a sum of 180¡Æ,
  • having two triangles with only two common angles
  • (sometimes known as AA) implies similarity as well.

See also: Congruence (geometry)


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