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¾¦¾¦´åÄÄ - ÆÄÀÏ ´Ù¿î·Îµå

ÆÄÀÏÀ» ´Ù¿î·Îµå ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

´ñ±Û ³²±â±â

 

Gabriel Faure

Romances sans paroles in A flat, Op.17 No.3

 

       1. ¹é°Ç¿ì, ÇǾƳë

       2. Duo Pomponio - Martinez Zarate, Guitarras 

 

1ºÎ »ï°¢ÇüÀÇ ÈçÀû 

 

[2] µÎ¹ø° À̾߱â : À¯Æȸ®³ë½ºÅͳÎ(Eupalinos tunnel)

 

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01. ÅͳÎÀÇ ¹æÇâ °áÁ¤

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[Tip]

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ÁÖ»ç±â¿¡ ¹°°¨À» ¼¯Àº ¹°À» Èê·Á³ÖÀ¸¸ç ¾ÆÀÌ¿Í ½ÇÇèÇغ¸¼Å¿ä.

 

..........................................................................................................................................

 

 

The Eupalinos tunnel of Samos

 

I have talked so much about the Samians,

because, of all the Greeks,

they have made the three greatest works of construction.

One is a double-mouthed channel driven underground

through a hill nine hundred feet high¡¦The second is a mole

in the sea around the harbor,

one hundred a twenty feet deep.

The length of the mole is a quarter of a mile.

The third work of the Samians is the greatest temple

that I have ever seen. Herodotus, Book 3

 

An obtused-prowed bireme version was produced

in Samos during the period of Polycrates.

The name of the first ship of this type was Samaina

that could be used as a trading or as a warship

(Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae).

Samos was the birthplace of Pythagoras and Aristarchus.

The capital town of Samos had a inadequate water

supply making life difficult in the hot, dry summers.

Herodotus says that Samos had a population of 300000

which seems too large to be true.

The city could not resist for a long time enemy attacks.

The mountains behind the town offered a source of water

from the storms that broke over the mountain tops

and the streams that ran through them.

For these reason the most famous hydraulic work

of ancient Greece was build:The aqueduct of ancient Samos,

which was admired both in antiquity (e.g. Herodotus)

and in modern times.

Herodotus considered the temple of Hera in Samos

(Heraion), the Samian harbor and

the Eupalinos tunnel one of the greatest things

he had seen throughout his travels in the Ancient World.

The harbor of Samos was build 540-523 BC

during Polycrates. A wave breaker, 370 meters in length

and 35 meters of depth inside the sea,

was built for its protection.

It is still there although due to the sinking of the ground

now it is immersed at the bottom of the bay of Tigani.

 

À¯Æȸ®³ë½ºÅͳÎÀÇ ÀÔ±¸

                             

 A Tunnel, through Mount Kastro on Samos,

was build to bring water from north of the mountain

inside the fortifications of the city of Samos

(modern Pythagoreon) to the south.

The most amazing part of the aqueduct is the 1036 m long,

roughly 8 feet square, dug from two openings,

«¥Å¥ô¥ð¥á¥ëί¥í¥å¥é¥ï¥í ό¥ñ¥ô¥ãµ¥á», or ¡°Eupaninean digging¡±,

after Eupalinos (¥Å¥ô¥ð¥á¥ëί¥í¥ïς ¥ï ¥Ì¥å¥ã¥á¥ñ¥åύς) an engineer

from Megara the son of Naustrophos.

The construction started in 530 BC,

during the tyranny of Polycrates and lasted for ten years.

Polycrates used money that he obtained by various methods

such as replacing silver coins with coins of lower quality,

by piracy etc. The two working groups met in the center of

the channel and they had only 60 cm error!

The workers had problems because of

unstable soil they found and had to make a deviation,

but they managed to find again the right way

to the opposite working team.

The deviation was 200 metres away from a straight line

connecting the ends of the tunnel

in the heart of the mountain!

Around 7000 cubic meter rock were removed from

the mountain. Owing to the text of Herodotus,

Guerin (1856) uncovered the entrance of the aqueduct.

Only ninety years later, between 1971 and 1973,

the German Archaeological Institute of Athens uncovered

the entire tunnel (Hermann Kienast, 1977; Tsimpourakis,1997).


 

Image from Demetris Koutsoyiannis Lectures

The water was transported through a pipe constructed from

4000 smaller pieces produced manually.

The tunnel was in operation for around 1000 years

until 700 AD. Polycrates finally was killed by the Persians

in 522 BC. Finally we should not forget that

the work was done mostly by slaves,

for example slaves from Lesbos.

 

¿¡¿ì Æȸ®³ë½º ÅͳΠ³»ºÎ

 

References

T. E. Rihll and J. V. Tucker, Greek engineering:

the case of Eupalinos' tunnel, in A Powell (ed)

The Greek World, Routledge 1995.

Approximately 500 years later Heron described methods

how to produce tunnels with his Dioptra.

So the ancient Greeks must have a sufficient advanced

geometric knowledge and the corresponding measuring

devices to produce the Eupalinos channel.

                   

Example by Heron how to use the Dioptra to construct  a tunnel through                                            two opposite points in a mountain. Take a point close to the first entrance B                                     and another point E. Then use the Dioptra to obtain the perpendicular line EF                                  and  through a set of other perpendicular segments get line segment KL                                           the point M for which DM is perpendicular

to KL,where D is the other opposite entrance point.                                                                                      Using DN and NB estimate the angle alpha necessary to                                  connect points B and D.

 



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