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Jean Piaget ; 1896 - 1980
Swiss psychologist and pioneer in the study of cognitive development.
Best known for his research on the development of cognitive functions in children.
His theories became founding principles of the constructivist movement.
Theory
Children evolve through specific stages in which cognitive structures become progressively more complex.
There are four levels of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
In the sensorimotor stage (0-2 years), intelligence develops through sensory experiences and movement.
Intelligence in the preoperational stage (2-6 years) includes the use of symbols such as pictures and words to represent ideas and objects.
Cognitive development during the concrete operational stage (6-11 years) includes logic but requires physical examples to which the logic can be applied.
In the final formal operational stage (11+ years), thinking includes abstract concepts. This allows analytical and logical thought without requiring references to concrete applications.
Learning occurs through adaptation to interactions with the environment.
Disequilibrium (mental conflict which demands resolution) gives rise to Assimilation of a new experience which are added to existing knowledge, or Accommodation, which is modification of existing understanding to provide for the new experience.
Implications for Instruction
Applying Piaget's theory requires specific recommendations for a given stage of cognitive development. For example, with children in the sensorimotor stage, teachers should provide a stimulating environment with lots of objects to play with.
On the other hand, children in the concrete operational stage require learning activities that involve problems of locating, classifying, and ordering while using concrete objects.
Links and References
Jean Piaget Society web site
http://www.piaget.org/
Piaget, J. (1929). The Child's Conception of the World. NY: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich.
Piaget, J. (1970). The Science of Education and the Psychology of the Child. NY: Grossman.
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